Rectal Prolapse (in Mandarin - 直肠脱垂)

直肠脱垂

 

直肠脱垂是指直肠(大肠的最后一部分)失去使其固定于体内的正常附着物,导致直肠通过肛门滑出,出现内翻。直肠脱垂主要影响成年人,但 50 岁及以上的女性患病风险是男性的六倍。这会令人尴尬,并且通常对患者的生活质量产生负面影响。虽然并不总是需要,但手术是治疗直肠脱垂的最有效方法。

 

病因

 

虽然许多因素被认为与直肠脱垂有关,但没有明确的病因。据估计,30% 67% 的患者患有慢性便秘(排便次数减少或排便费力),另有 15% 的患者患有腹泻。过去,这种情况被认为与多次阴道分娩有关。然而,多达 35% 的直肠脱垂患者从未分娩过,而且男性也可能患此病。

 

症状

 

一个常见的问题是痔疮和直肠脱垂是否相同。出血及/或组织从直肠突出是两者的共同症状,但也存在很大不同。直肠脱垂涉及位于体内更高位置的整个肠段。痔疮仅涉及肛门附近的肠道内壁。直肠脱垂可导致大便失禁(不能完全控制排气或排便)。

 

诊断

 

第一次就诊期间,结直肠外科医生将进行全面的病史检查和肛门直肠检查。某些情况下,直肠脱垂可能隐藏于体内,使得诊断难上加难。可能要求您坐在诊室的马桶上,像排便时一样使劲用力。

 

用于诊断的其他检查包括:

 

  • 排粪造影:排便时拍摄 X 射线影像来检查肌肉运动。
  • 肛门直肠测压:评估排便时骨盆、直肠和肛门的肌肉功能和反射。

 

治疗

 

虽然便秘和排便费力对这种疾病有所影响,但纠正便秘和排便费力可能不会改善现有的直肠脱垂。有多种手术方法可修复直肠脱垂。结直肠外科医生将根据患者年龄、身体状况、脱垂程度和检查结果来决定采用什么手术。其中包括切除部分直肠或者将直肠拉回并固定。有时也用网格来加固直肠。

 

手术方法包括:

 

  • 通过传统手术进行腹部修复(开放式手术)
  • 腹腔镜手术
  • 机器人辅助手术

 

治疗后预后

 

对大多数患者来说,手术能缓解或极大地改善症状。脱垂或其他一些疾病可能使肛管括约肌变弱。然而,这些肌肉有可能在脱垂纠正后重新恢复力量。

 

影响结果的因素包括:

 

  • 手术前肛管括约肌的状况
  • 脱垂在内部还是外部
  • 患者的整体健康状况

 

可能需要长达一年的时间来确定手术对肠功能的影响。应避免手术矫正后出现慢性便秘和费力
排便。

 

什么是结直肠外科医生?

 

结直肠外科医生是通过手术和非手术方法治疗结肠、直肠和肛门疾病的专家。他们不仅在此类疾病的治疗方面接受了完善先进的外科手术训练,还受过全面的普通外科手术训练。他们在普通外科和结直肠外科完成了住院医生实习,并通过了美国外科委员会和美国结肠和直肠外科委员会举办的强化测试,才成为具备专科医师资格的结直肠外科医生。无论是良性还是恶性的结肠、直肠和肛门疾病,他们均精通其治疗方法,且能进行常规筛查和手术治疗(如有必要)。

 

免责声明

 

美国结肠和直肠外科医师学会致力于促进对结肠、直肠和肛门疾病的科学研究,强化此类疾病的预防和管理,从而确保为患者提供高质量的医疗服务。这些手册内容广泛,并非规范性文件。目的是提供有关疾病过程的信息,而不是规定特定的治疗形式。这些手册旨在供需要了解如何管理上述疾病的所有执业医师、医护人员和患者使用。应清楚认识到,这些手册不包含所有适当的护理方法,也并未排除合理运用可获得相同治疗结果的护理方法。关于任何特定程序的适当性,必须由医生根据患者个体表现出的所有情况作出最终判断。



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